Causes of language endangerment:: Difference between revisions
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Current state worldwide: "Globalization" | '''Current state worldwide: "Globalization"''' | ||
* shrinking minority-speaking communities | * shrinking minority-speaking communities | ||
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* violence, persecution, genocide, invasion, war, exploitation | * violence, persecution, genocide, invasion, war, exploitation | ||
----Causes of language endangerment - examples from around the world: | ----'''Causes of language endangerment - examples from around the world:''' | ||
* Ainu of Japan | * '''Ainu of Japan''' | ||
** From the mid-fifteenth century, the Ainu population in Hokkaido suffered invasion, exploitation, and brutal treatment by non-Ainu Japanese, resulting in considerable decrease in their population. | ** From the mid-fifteenth century, the Ainu population in Hokkaido suffered invasion, exploitation, and brutal treatment by non-Ainu Japanese, resulting in considerable decrease in their population. | ||
** Assimilation policies were imposed by the Japanese government, which included imposition of the Japanese language and the prohibition of the use of the Ainu language. | ** Assimilation policies were imposed by the Japanese government, which included imposition of the Japanese language and the prohibition of the use of the Ainu language. | ||
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** Discrimination and humiliation by the non-Ainu Japanese. | ** Discrimination and humiliation by the non-Ainu Japanese. | ||
** Government disinterest in the Ainu people, their language, their culture, the inclusion of Ainu as an official language or a language of instruction in education, nor its revitalization efforts. | ** Government disinterest in the Ainu people, their language, their culture, the inclusion of Ainu as an official language or a language of instruction in education, nor its revitalization efforts. | ||
* Austronesian Languages | * '''Austronesian Languages''' | ||
** Arrival of English settlers to New Zealand from 1840 onward | ** Arrival of English settlers to New Zealand from 1840 onward | ||
*** In 1867, the Native School Act was passed, which made English the language of literacy in schools in New Zealand. | *** In 1867, the Native School Act was passed, which made English the language of literacy in schools in New Zealand. | ||
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*** Policy designs by the Department of Education | *** Policy designs by the Department of Education | ||
* Languages of Australia | * '''Languages of Australia''' | ||
** Aboriginal Australians were dispossessed of their land | ** Aboriginal Australians were dispossessed of their land | ||
** Population reduced dramatically due to massacre, introduced diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza | ** Population reduced dramatically due to massacre, introduced diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza | ||
* Languages of South America | * '''Languages of South America''' | ||
* Languages of Central America | * '''Languages of Central America''' | ||
* Languages of North America | * '''Languages of North America''' | ||
* Languages of the former USSR | * '''Languages of the former USSR''' | ||
* Languages of Northern Europe | * '''Languages of Northern Europe''' | ||
* Celtic Languages | * '''Celtic Languages''' | ||
* Languages of Africa | * '''Languages of Africa''' | ||
* Languages of India and neighboring regions | * '''Languages of India and neighboring regions''' | ||
* Languages of China and neighboring regions | * '''Languages of China and neighboring regions''' | ||
Revision as of 12:45, 16 November 2022
Current state worldwide: "Globalization"
- shrinking minority-speaking communities
- majority languages and their association with the world economic order
- pressure to participate in the world economic order for survival
- younger generations adopting "major" languages and no longer learning "heritage" languages
- violence, persecution, genocide, invasion, war, exploitation
Causes of language endangerment - examples from around the world:
- Ainu of Japan
- From the mid-fifteenth century, the Ainu population in Hokkaido suffered invasion, exploitation, and brutal treatment by non-Ainu Japanese, resulting in considerable decrease in their population.
- Assimilation policies were imposed by the Japanese government, which included imposition of the Japanese language and the prohibition of the use of the Ainu language.
- Dispossession of much of their traditional land.
- Discrimination and humiliation by the non-Ainu Japanese.
- Government disinterest in the Ainu people, their language, their culture, the inclusion of Ainu as an official language or a language of instruction in education, nor its revitalization efforts.
- Austronesian Languages
- Arrival of English settlers to New Zealand from 1840 onward
- In 1867, the Native School Act was passed, which made English the language of literacy in schools in New Zealand.
- The use of Maaori language in schools was outlawed, and children were punished for speaking it.
- English became the official language of the government.
- The Maaori population decreased due to warfare and lack of immunity against western diseases.
- Hawaiian followed a very similar history to Maaori, Many factors led to the drastic drop in the number of native Hawaiian speakers.
- Dominance of English
- Reduction in the Hawaiian population
- Annexation by the United States
- Policy designs by the Department of Education
- Arrival of English settlers to New Zealand from 1840 onward
- Languages of Australia
- Aboriginal Australians were dispossessed of their land
- Population reduced dramatically due to massacre, introduced diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza
- Languages of South America
- Languages of Central America
- Languages of North America
- Languages of the former USSR
- Languages of Northern Europe
- Celtic Languages
- Languages of Africa
- Languages of India and neighboring regions
- Languages of China and neighboring regions
References:
Tsunoda, Tasaku. Language Endangerment and Language Revitalization : An Introduction. Hanover ;: De Gruyter Mouton, 2006. Print.